The North Star of the Platform staff is for Ethereum to scale as a cohesive system and allow assured adoption by all customers. This put up is meant to share our perspective on the L1 <> L2 relationship, the roles of every layer, and the way we (as an ecosystem) are leveraging the strengths of L1 & L2 to create essentially the most compelling platform for all customers. A few of that is already clear as we speak, and a few of this can must be validated via ongoing experimentation and iteration with the neighborhood and customers 🙏.
On the L1 + L2 relationship
TL;DR:
Aim: all customers (people and establishments) ought to have a transparent path to leverage, lengthen, and profit from the core properties that Ethereum gives.
The perfect path to getting there leverages the distinctive capabilities of every layer, reinforces Ethereum’s core properties, and unlocks significant worth to finish customers via these properties.
The function of every layer has developed because the ecosystem has grown:
Beforehand: the first goal of L2s was to scale Ethereum, and secondarily to offer area for differentiation and customization. The most important lever was on the scaling facet.
At present: the first goal of L2s is to supply differentiated options, providers, customizations, go-to-market methods, and zones of management, whereas additionally providing further scale. The most important lever as we speak is round differentiation, management and innovation.
Function of L1: function a very permissionless and maximally resilient world hub for settlement, shared state, liquidity, and DeFi.
A powerful L1 that’s scaling with out compromising on CROPS (censorship-resistance, open supply, privateness, and safety) gives a greater basis for L2s
Function of L2s: ship precious new options, customizations, and management to develop their very own onchain economies whereas additionally extending the core properties of Ethereum to extra customers.
A powerful community of L2s reinforces the ecosystem and Ethereum’s heart of gravity
L2s are full spectrum and have a variety of relationships with L1 relying on their wants
Relationship to L1: These L2s looking for the tightest integration with L1 ought to push in the direction of synchronous composability, full interoperability, shared liquidity, Stage 2, and mechanisms like native rollups.
Scope: Many L2s with all kinds of enterprise fashions and/or technical specialization will proceed to play a significant function within the ecosystem. All will provide issues the L1 doesn’t.
The EF will proceed to spend money on applied sciences that enable L2s to extra seamlessly lengthen the core properties of L1, and securely entry liquidity/capital throughout L1 and different L2s. L2s ought to preserve transparency and verifiability of their safety properties. In different phrases, either side have an essential function to play, and vibes ought to match substance.
Intro
During the last 5 years an ecosystem of chains has grown up round Ethereum L1. There are lots of completely different properties these chains can select to increase from Ethereum: some inherit full decentralization (e.g. Stage 2 rollups), some inherit a subset of the safety properties (e.g. validiums, prividiums), and a few merely construct on the widespread EVM customary (with out being an L2). Many are nonetheless beneath growth, typically starting as unbiased chains and progressively integrating extra deeply with Ethereum L1.
It’s time for the EF and the broader Ethereum ecosystem to replace our mannequin of how Ethereum L1 and this community of L2s ought to relate to one another. The final time this occurred was arguably 5 years in the past, when the rollup-centric roadmap was first proposed as a path to scaling Ethereum.
Since then, a lot has modified. The applied sciences that enable L2s to share Ethereum’s safety/liquidity and interoperate with it have matured and developed. The aggressive benefits of L2s and their worth to customers has grow to be extra clear. L2s themselves have grown and matured, turning into ecosystems and communities in their very own proper. And the L1 scaling roadmap has developed and are available into sharper focus. As an ecosystem we have to acknowledge what has modified and study from our ecosystem’s successes and failures.
During the last many months, a clearer imaginative and prescient for the way forward for the Ethereum L1 <> L2 relationship has come into focus:
A thriving Ethereum ecosystem have to be rooted on a powerful L1 basis.
Ethereum L1 will scale by orders of magnitude, whereas retaining most safety & decentralization, remaining the center of the onchain financial system and a hub for DeFi.
There might be a rising ecosystem of unbiased and interoperable L2 chains, which can provide better customization, management, and options the L1 can’t. These L2s put down roots within the Ethereum ecosystem as a result of it’s your best option for his or her customers, their communities, or their companies.
L2 chains each compete and cooperate (that is good and wholesome) to supply a various vary of specialised blockspace, providers, and belongings..
The objective of this doc is to elucidate the L1 <> L2 imaginative and prescient in additional element, and lay out a path to constructing mutually-reinforcing relationships between Ethereum L1 and any chain that desires to place down roots and grow to be a part of the ecosystem.
What are the roles of L1 and L2s, and the way can they work collectively?
Ethereum L1 is the world’s main programmable blockchain. No different chain as we speak comes shut when it comes to adoption, developer consideration, decentralization, resilience, and hardness. Ethereum L1 is the center of the DeFi ecosystem and options the deepest liquidity.
Ethereum L1 now has a transparent path to scaling whereas preserving decentralization and hardness. ZK expertise has accelerated sooner than anticipated, as a result of work of many groups throughout the Ethereum ecosystem. Within the subsequent few years, we can scale Ethereum L1 by a number of orders of magnitude whereas staying true to its imaginative and prescient of a sequence that doesn’t compromise on its core values.
On the similar time, any single chain might be unable to fulfill the various wants of a worldwide onchain financial system. Even in a future the place Ethereum stays the world’s main blockchain and scales 1000x, there might be many alternative chains as a result of they supply specialization and customization that any L1 can’t:
Specialization round particular functions or use circumstances
Non-EVM options
Extra privateness ensures
Pricing mechanisms or tx inclusion logic
Extremely low latency or different sequencing properties
Excessive scaling properties L1s can’t match
Specialised economies, go-to-market, and progress approaches
Modular designs that allow compliance or different enterprise wants
Different enhancements or improvements that may be iterated and shipped sooner than on L1
Governance methods to offer stakeholders granular management over their very own versatile execution atmosphere on Ethereum
This presents a chance for Ethereum L1 and Ethereum L2s to construct mutually useful relationships, every specializing in complementary roles.
Why ought to different chains wish to be L2s on Ethereum?
Excessive safety, low counterparty threat, and most decentralization at considerably lowered value: L2s obtain most safety & decentralization at a lot decrease prices than alt-L1s. Constructing and incentivizing a worldwide decentralized validator set is dear, time consuming, and tough. L2s can offload that duty to Ethereum L1, enabling them to “pay for utilization” relatively than pay the massive fastened prices to construct their very own L1 validator community.
Customers and builders: L2s achieve entry to extra customers and builders via safe interoperability with the biggest L1 blockchain and the biggest community of L2 chains (interoperability and crosschain UX will speed up because of ZK expertise, real-time proving, sooner L1 finality & L2 settlement, and maturation of agentic infrastructure).
Interoperability: L2s, if designed properly, can achieve safe entry to L1 belongings and DeFi liquidity, consumer accounts on L1, and any providers that stay on L1, eg. oracles, ENS.
Go-to-market: The branding and reputational advantages from being a part of the Ethereum ecosystem, which has the strongest status, safety monitor file, and regulatory acceptance of any L1.
How does Ethereum L1 profit from these relationships? From our expertise and discussions with stakeholders across the ecosystem, we consider that positioning Ethereum L1 on the centre of a rising community of L2s reinforces Ethereum and ETH’s distinctive function within the onchain financial system:
Creating demand for ETH, and offering trust-minimized, safe bridging between ETH and different belongings
ETH features concurrently as a retailer of worth, cash, and an software all through Ethereum.
Extending community results round Ethereum (e.g. EVM, developer training, developer tooling, consumer onboarding, and interoperability between L2s)
Reinforcing Ethereum’s precious place because the core of a multichain ecosystem, and the first settlement and liquidity layer of the onchain financial system
Offering further enterprise growth, progress, and advertising efforts broadly for Ethereum
L2s assist obtain a core imaginative and prescient of the Ethereum ecosystem. By performing as distribution engines (offering further scaling) for Ethereum’s core properties (safety, resilience, and hardness), they assist to maximise the quantity of people that can get sustainable worth from Ethereum
The Ethereum ecosystem shouldn’t take these advantages with no consideration. Some are debated inside the neighborhood, or are long-term theses that must be validated via experimentation, measurement, and evaluation. In the end the L1 <> L2 relationship have to be mutually useful for it to succeed. The primary 5 years of this relationship have shipped many successes and key constructing blocks for the longer term.
What does this imply for L2s going ahead
What does this new imaginative and prescient imply for L2s, their groups, and their communities?
Listed below are our suggestions:
L2s ought to give attention to methods which might be complementary to L1 and differentiate their platforms. Many L2s are already efficiently executing in the direction of this imaginative and prescient. Some have achieved this with revolutionary new options, by concentrating on particular use-cases (e.g. app chains), supplying new types of distribution, or with novel go-to-market methods. This has helped them create their very own distinct communities and prolonged the properties of Ethereum to tens of millions of recent customers.
L2s ought to really feel empowered to distinguish in any approach they will think about. We have now already seen differentiation in scalability, trustlessness, privateness, company compliance, trade sector, neighborhood, and a variety of technical improvements. Different use circumstances that may perform properly as L2s embody public bulletin boards for cryptographic e-voting, and certificates transparency.
It’s a legitimate selection for L2s to increase all or a subset of Ethereum’s properties, relying on their targets. However they need to be sure that the safety properties they do and don’t present are simply understood by their customers.
L2s working in the direction of trust-minimization ought to a minimum of attain Stage 1 and go the “walkaway” take a look at, that means customers can safely exit to L1 even within the presence of malicious operators or safety council failure.
L2s that select to be closest to L1 and totally inherit its properties ought to push in the direction of:
Attaining Stage 2Synchronous composability (whether or not read-only eg. L1SLOAD / L1STATICCALL, or read-write), each on the protocol layer and on the software layer (eg. even when exercise is on L2, do consumer accounts must be on L2? Even when trades are on L1, do belongings must be issued on L2?)Turning into a local rollup (permitting L2s to eliminate their safety councils)
L2s ought to proceed to work on mechanisms for interoperability and shared liquidity extra broadly, strengthening the system as an entire. We encourage groups to look into the Open Intents Framework and the Quick Affirmation Rule, discover designs that present entry to L1 capital with out leaving the L2, and in any other case contribute to ongoing synchronous composability workstreams.
L2s ought to proceed to function transparently, being clear with the ecosystem about their particular person safety properties and relationship to L1 (supported by L2Beat, taking part in an essential function in making the L2 ecosystem clear and guaranteeing it improves over time).
What the EF is doing to assist construct that world:
To realize this imaginative and prescient of the L1<>L2 relationship, we all know the EF has a job to play. Right here’s what we’re doing:
Working to each scale the L1 and scale blobs with out sacrificing decentralization or hardness. At present blobs are solely ~30% full. There may be a variety of headroom to develop, and we really feel snug rising blobs rather more if wanted.
Supporting L2s specifically who’ve or want to deepen sturdy properties in core EF domains like privateness, safety, and trustlessness.
The Platform staff, led by Josh Rudolf, to enhance the Ethereum platform as an entire and function an interface between L2s and the core protocol roadmap.
Bettering liquidity on L1, and make it simpler for L2s to entry that liquidity (sooner finality, withdrawals, and deposits).
Working intently with L2 groups to know their wants and mirror them in Protocol priorities, and bringing readability to the connection between L1 and L2. For this relationship to work, we have to perceive what’s working and what’s not, and work collectively. The objective is to all the time make clear and strengthen the worth proposition of being a part of the Ethereum ecosystem.
Investing R&D in the direction of the expertise that may allow “native rollups” — L2 chains that may be totally and trustlessly verified by L1, enabling synchronous composability and safe interoperability.
Working intently with L2Beat and others who assist to observe and validate the safety properties of L2s. We have to be rigorous and sincere concerning the properties of L2s and the diploma to which they share in L1’s safety, in order that customers and builders could make knowledgeable selections.
Addressing the first draw back of a multichain ecosystem: fragmentation. We are going to work with the ecosystem (chains, wallets, infra suppliers) to construct higher interop options that repair UX and developer platform fragmentation. And now with a clearer imaginative and prescient for the L1<>L2 relationship, we are able to start to handle the fragmentation of Ethereum’s narrative.
Collectively, we are going to ship a worldwide, permissionless onchain financial system and the very best platform for all customers.
